Nicholas II (Russian: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, tr. Nikolai II, Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ftɐˈroj, nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ rɐˈmanəf]) (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Tsar Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. Like other Russian Emperors he is commonly known by the monarchical title Tsar (though Russia formally ended the Tsardom in 1721). He is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church and has...

In German history, Lebensraum (“living space”) was a Nazi ideology that called for the aggressive, territorial expansion of Germany as a justified need for land for agriculture and resources for a growing nation. Lebensraum, literally "living space" and originally a biological term for “habitat”, became associated with the German Empire's geopolitical propaganda from 1871 to 1918, as a corollary to German rights to colonialism, leading up to the First World War (1914–1918). It continued to be in use among ultra-nationalist elements in post-war Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and was revived during...