1. Stack Overflow 2. Meta Stack Exchange 3. The rest of the sites
Each of those needs its own reputation
So to be able to chat on Stack Overflow, you need 20 reputation in SO, and there only.
Same for MSE.
But in order to chat for example in cooking.SE chat, you can also have 20 reputation in gaming.SE
The most ridiculous thing is that if you have 20 associated accounts in SE (without SO and MSE), you can chat anywhere without earning a single point anywhere.
(the check is made on the raw sum of reputation, and you get 1 on each account)
I joined 20 other sites (out of the many) and even with 1 rep was able to post in any of the chatrooms.
For example:
In ELL, I have just 1 rep and have posted messages in its chat. ell.stackexchange.com/users/18923/lamart
This seems like a bug because I should have needed 20 rep to post.
...
Every site help center has the page for "View a full list of privileges you can earn".
Example screen-shot for Unix & Linux:
It says "Privileges control what you can do on <site> Stack Exchange". But I found that chat related privileges:
talk in chat
create chat rooms
create gallery...